{"id":212,"date":"2024-05-30T23:58:08","date_gmt":"2024-05-30T23:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines\/?page_id=212"},"modified":"2025-01-29T13:47:27","modified_gmt":"2025-01-29T18:47:27","slug":"so-kwangbom","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/so-kwangbom\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u014f Kwangb\u014fm: Rebellion &amp; Belonging"},"content":{"rendered":"<?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"background-wrapper\"><div class=\"image-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/So-Kwangbom-Featured.jpg\" alt=\"Background Image\"><\/div><div class=\"overlay-content\"><div class=\"columns\"><div class=\"headline-column\"><div class=\"background-extension\"><\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/\" class=\"custom-logo-link\" rel=\"home\"><div class=\"article-image-left-site-title wp-block-site-logo\" tabindex=\"0\"><img src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/SightlinesLogo-white.svg\" class=\"custom-logo no-animation\" alt=\"Sightlines Atlas Logo\" decoding=\"async\" \/><\/div><\/a><div class=\"article-image-left-page-title\"><h1>S\u014f Kwangb\u014fm<\/h1><h2>Rebellion &amp; Belonging<\/h2><hr class=\"title-separator\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"text-column\"><p>S\u014f Kwangb\u014fm was one of the earliest Koreans to settle in the United States, and he contributed to fostering American understanding of Korea and its culture, especially in the nation\u2019s capital. In this chapter, ethnomusicologist Robert C. Provine paints a of picture of S\u014f\u2019s life in Washington, D.C., including his connection to making some of the earliest recordings of Korean traditional music. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><style>\n       .background-wrapper {\n           position: relative;\n           width: 100%;\n           min-height: 95vh;\n           overflow: hidden;\n       }\n       .image-container {\n           position: absolute;\n           top: 0;\n           left: 0;\n           width: 100%;\n           height: 100%;\n           overflow: hidden;\n           z-index: 1;\n       }\n       .image-container img {\n           width: 100%;\n           height: 100%;\n           object-fit: cover;\n           filter: grayscale(100%);\n           mix-blend-mode: multiply;\n       }\n       .overlay-content {\n           position: relative;\n           background-color: rgba(45, 56, 95, 0.85);\n           min-height: 95vh;\n           z-index: 2;\n           display: flex;\n           align-items: flex-end; \/* Align items to the bottom of the container *\/\n           justify-content: center; \/* Center the content horizontally *\/\n           box-sizing: border-box;\n           width: 100%;\n           padding-bottom: 20px; \/* Adjust this to create a margin at the bottom *\/\n       }\n       .columns {\n           display: flex;\n           width: 100%;\n           height: 100%;\n           max-width: 1280px;\n       }\n       .headline-column, .text-column {\n           flex: 1;\n           padding: 20px;\n           color: white;\n           box-sizing: border-box;\n       }\n       .headline-column h1, .headline-column h2 {\n           color: white;\n       }\n       .headline-column .title-separator {\n           width: 118px;\n           border: 0;\n           height: 4px;\n           background: var(--wp--preset--color--custom-orange);\n           margin: 10px 0; \/* Adjust as necessary *\/\n       }\n       .text-column {\n           font-size: 20px;\n           text-align: left;\n           overflow: auto;\n           display: flex;\n           flex-direction: column;\n           justify-content: flex-end; \/* Aligns content to the bottom *\/\n           margin-bottom: 18px;\n           color: white;\n       }\n       .text-column * {\n           text-align: left !important;\n           overflow: auto;\n       }\n       .wp-block-site-logo img {\n           height: 45px;\n           max-width: 100%;\n           padding: 15px;\n           padding-bottom: 10px;\n           padding-top: 20px;\n       }\n\n\n       \/* Media query for max-width 1399.98px *\/\n       @media (max-width: 1399.98px) {\n           .article-image-left-page-title, .article-image-left-site-title {\n               padding-left: 40px;\n               max-width: 430px;\n           }   \n           .text-column {\n               padding-right: 60px;\n               padding-left: 60px;\n           }\n       }\n\n\n       \/* Media query for max-width: 991.98px *\/\n       @media (max-width: 991.98px) {\n           .article-image-left-page-title, .article-image-left-site-title {\n               padding-left: 0px;\n           }  \n           .text-column {\n               margin-bottom: 0px;\n               padding-right: 20px;\n           } \n             .headline-column h1 {\n               font-size: 3.7rem;\n               max-width: 380px;\n           }     \n       }\n\n\n       @media (max-width: 768px) {\n           .columns {\n               flex-direction: column;\n           }\n           .headline-column, .text-column {\n               width: 100%; \/* Ensures full width *\/\n               box-sizing: border-box;\n           }\n           .headline-column {\n               \/* min-height: 95vh;  Ensures the column takes up 95vh *\/\n           }\n           .article-image-left-page-title {\n               position: relative;\n               top: 80px;\n           }\n           .text-column {\n               margin-top: 40px; \/* Adds spacing between stacked columns *\/\n               min-height: auto; \/* Resets the min-height *\/\n               padding-left: 40px;\n               padding-right: 40px;       \n               font-size: 1.05rem;\n               overflow: unset !important;\n           }\n       }\n   <\/style>\n<\/div><div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/01_introductory_song_for_dan_ga.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>Song, &ldquo;Tan&rsquo;ga&rdquo; performed by An Ch&#335;ngsik, recorded by Alice Fletcher in Washington DC in July 1896.&nbsp;AFC 1948\/079.<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">Courtesy of the American Folklife Center, Library of Congress<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><p>S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m was one of the earliest Koreans to settle in the United States and was highly influential in nurturing American understanding of Korea and its culture, especially in the nation&rsquo;s capital. As a well-educated Korean from a notable aristocratic family, S&#335; was determined to free Korea (then governed by the 500-year-old Chos&#335;n dynasty) from the isolationism that had held back development of Western-style modernity. which Japan had embraced decades earlier.&nbsp;<\/p><div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull image-background-style4 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"528\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/06\/So-Kwangbom-Featured.jpg\" alt=\"Portrait of S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m wearing traditional Korean attire.\" class=\"wp-image-485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/06\/So-Kwangbom-Featured.jpg 400w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/06\/So-Kwangbom-Featured-227x300.jpg 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>Portrait of S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m, 1883<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>S&#335; first visited D.C. in 1883 as part of a group of Koreans, members of the Progressive Party, sent by the Korean king on a special mission to explore the United States soon after the United States and Korea signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce (the Shufeldt Treaty) in 1882. They were accompanied by the famous American astronomer Percival Lowell (1855&ndash;1916) and a member of the American Navy, Ensign George C. Foulk (1856-1893). Another member of the group was Py&#335;n Su&nbsp;&#37002;&#29159;&nbsp;(aka Penn Su, 1861&ndash;1891), who later became the first Korean graduate of an American college (Maryland Agricultural College, now the University of Maryland). The group traveled to several major American cities and even met President Chester Arthur in New York City, then split into two smaller groups, with S&#335; returning to Korea via Europe. But Washington, D.C. had made a strong impression on S&#466;, and he later chose to return.<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/02_blooming_plum_tree_song.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>&ldquo;Blooming Plum Tree Song,&rdquo; performed by An Ch&#335;ngsik, recorded by Alice Fletcher in Washington DC in July 1896.&nbsp;AFC 1948\/079.&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">Courtesy &#8239;of the American Folklife Center,&#8239; Library &#8239;of &#8239;Congress<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Back in Korea, S&#335; and his colleagues in the Progressive Party pursued their goal of modernizing Korea, even taking control of the government for three days in late 1884. S&#335;, Py&#335;n Su, and a few others then fled Korea, eventually arriving in the United States in June 1885. Py&#335;n Su graduated college in 1891 and went to work for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, where he published a survey entitled &ldquo;Agriculture in Japan.&rdquo; Unfortunately, he died in October 1891, struck by a train in what is now College Park, Maryland.<\/p><p>As it happened, another adventurous member of the U.S. Navy, Ensign J. B. Bernadou (1858-1908) had been assigned to Korea between 1883 and 1885. There he gathered a large collection of Korean artifacts and later presented them to the Smithsonian Institution. After a few other, smaller collections were added, S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m and Py&#335;n Su worked to describe and catalogue these important early repositories of Korean culture for the benefit of Americans, especially those fortunate enough to be located near D.C.<\/p><div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull image-background-style2 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/1883-Mission.jpg\" alt=\"A group of Korean delegates mostly wearing traditional Korean attire pose together for a formal photo.\" class=\"wp-image-206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/1883-Mission.jpg 709w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/1883-Mission-300x197.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m (front row, second from right) with first Korean delegation to visit the US, 1883.<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">Lowell Observatory Archives<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>By 1888, S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m had settled in D.C. and found employment of various sorts, including in the Bureau of Ethnology (probably working on the Bernadou materials), until he obtained a regular, if underpaid, job in the Bureau of Education, located in the building that now houses the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery. He made many friendships in D.C., and newspaper reports indicate that he was highly regarded. In 1892, S&#335; became a naturalized U.S. citizen while retaining his deep interest in his country of origin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/06\/03_catching_the_swallows.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>&ldquo;Catching the Swallows,&rdquo; performed by Yi H&#365;ich&rsquo;&#335;l, recorded by Alice Fletcher in Washington DC in July 1896.&nbsp;AFC 1948\/079.<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">Courtesy &#8239;of the American Folklife Center,&#8239; Library &#8239;of &#8239;Congress<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>At the Bureau of Education, S&#335;&rsquo;s work caught the attention of an important staff member, Anna Tolman Smith (1840&ndash;1917), an expert on foreign educational systems. The Bureau published S&#466;&rsquo;s article, &ldquo;Education in Korea,&rdquo; in 1891. Likely because of interests shared with Smith, S&#335; also published some Korean children&rsquo;s stories in 1893.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\">\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full no-animation\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/Fletcher-house-medium-res.jpg\" alt=\"Archival photograph of a rowhouse with an American flag displayed by the door.\" class=\"wp-image-207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/Fletcher-house-medium-res.jpg 738w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/Fletcher-house-medium-res-216x300.jpg 216w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>Alice Fletcher&rsquo;s home at 214 First St. SE<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">Photographed by Russell Jones, April 1959. Courtesy of Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Despite having lived in the United States for nine years and taken American citizenship, S&#466; Kwangb&#466;m was not forgotten in his native country. He was invited back to Korea&mdash;where the political situation was in constant turmoil&mdash;in 1894 and appointed to the government post of Minister of Justice and later also Minister of Education. In 1895, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, and on his return to the Korean Legation in D.C., the&nbsp;<em>Washington Post<\/em>&nbsp;(Feb. 16, 1896) reported that S&#466; had arrived and had &ldquo;a host of friends in Washington, who are gratified at his return here under such auspicious circumstances. The diplomatic post in this city has been vacant for some time.&rdquo; No longer a low-level employee of the Bureau of Education, S&#335; presented his formal diplomatic credentials to President Grover Cleveland the next week.<\/p><p>Just a few weeks later, a group of seven Korean students, who had been sent to Japan for study, arrived by ship in Vancouver, British Columbia, penniless and with no English. S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m arranged for them to come to D.C. and found them accommodation and educational opportunity at Howard University. A remarkable story followed: Anna Tolman Smith arranged with her close friend Alice Cunningham Fletcher (1838&ndash;1923), an anthropologist with a rare Edison wax cylinder recording device, to record two of the students and S&#335; himself singing. The recording was made at Alice Fletcher&rsquo;s house near the Capitol building on July 24, 1896, and the resulting six cylinders are&nbsp;the earliest sound recordings of Korean voices, including children&rsquo;s songs, now still preserved in the Library of Congress. The next year, Anna Tolman Smith published an article in the&nbsp;<em>Journal of American Folklore<\/em>&nbsp;entitled &ldquo;Some Nursery Rhymes of Korea,&rdquo; largely based on these recordings and, no doubt, what she had learned from S&#335;. The recent rediscovery&nbsp;of these recordings caused quite a stir in Korean traditional music circles, and the Korean Broadcasting System even produced a documentary on the subject in 2010.<\/p><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"996\" height=\"829\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/Moon-Song-A.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2938\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/Moon-Song-A.jpg 996w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/Moon-Song-A-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/Moon-Song-A-768x639.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull image-background-style3 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/04_about_the_moon.mp3\"><\/audio><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>&ldquo;Moon Song&rdquo; (or &ldquo;Little girl&rsquo;s song&mdash;About the moon&rdquo;), performed by Yi H&#365;ich&rsquo;&#335;l, recorded by Alice Fletcher in Washington DC in July 1896.&nbsp;AFC 1948\/079.<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">Courtesy &#8239;of the American Folklife Center,&#8239; Library &#8239;of &#8239;Congress<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Politics back in Korea continued to be in flux, and S&#335; was replaced as Minister in D.C. by Yi P&#335;mjin&nbsp;&#26446;&#31684;&#26185;&nbsp;(1852&ndash;1910), a political foe, in September 1896, only a few months after he had been assigned to that position. S&#335; remained in his adopted country, of which he was a naturalized citizen, never returning to Korea, where he would have been in considerable danger. He justified this decision on grounds of ill health (he had chronic tuberculosis), though he managed to travel to England for Queen Victoria&rsquo;s Diamond Jubilee in June 1897 as one of only a few representatives from Korea. A little more than a month after his return to the United States, S&#335; took a vigorous bicycle ride that aggravated his condition, and he died on Friday August, 13, 1897, having lived a remarkably varied, difficult, and influential thirty-eight years.<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"881\" height=\"953\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/Mission-of-Pom-K-Soh.jpg\" alt=\"A passage entitled &ldquo;The Mission of Pom K. Soh&rdquo; that describes the life and legacy of S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m\" class=\"wp-image-208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/Mission-of-Pom-K-Soh.jpg 881w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/Mission-of-Pom-K-Soh-277x300.jpg 277w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/05\/Mission-of-Pom-K-Soh-768x831.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 881px) 100vw, 881px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Beginning excerpt from &ldquo;The Mission of Pom K. Soh&rdquo; by A. Tolman Smith, <em>The Independent<\/em> 49, no. 2550 (14 October 1897): 1-2.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m&rsquo;s passing was noted by many American newspapers, and Anna Tolman Smith, S&#335;&rsquo;s steadfast friend and confidant for many years, wrote a heartfelt tribute to him in October 1897 for&nbsp;<em>The Independent<\/em>, &ldquo;The Mission of Pom K. Soh,&rdquo; recalling many details of S&#335;&rsquo;s life and achievements, especially contributions made during his time in D.C.<\/p><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"><p><strong>Robert C. Provine<\/strong> is Emeritus Professor, School of Music at the University of<br>Maryland. He holds a B.A., two M.A. degrees, and the Ph.D. from Harvard<br>University. He researches the music of East Asia (China, Korea, and Japan), with<br>a particular focus on Korean traditional music. He taught from 1978 to 2000 at<br>the University of Durham in the United Kingdom, where he rose from Lecturer to<br>full Professor and Chair of the Department of Music. He has served as President<br>of the Association for Korean Studies in Europe (1993-95) and as President of<br>the Association for Korean Music Research (1996-2000). He contributed the<br>country article &ldquo;Korea&rdquo; and numerous shorter entries to the second edition of<br>the \/New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians\/ (2001), and he is the author<br>of \/Essays on Sino-Korean Musicology: Early Sources for Korean Ritual Music\/<br>(1988), plus many articles in various academic journals.<\/p><div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull anchor-object-background-image-div has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2025\/01\/map-masked-2.svg');background-position:50% 50%;background-size:cover;\" class=\"wp-block-group alignfull anchor-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained has-background\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group anchor-shortcode-div has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group from-the-exhibition-container2 is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/from-the-exhibit.svg\" alt=\"From the Exhibit Graphic\" class=\"wp-image-1806\" style=\"width:250px\"><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns anchor-top-content is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines-new\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Screenshot-2024-08-05-at-4.24.45%E2%80%AFPM.png\" alt=\"Architecture drawing of the Old Patent Office building.\" class=\"wp-image-1336\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><span>Old Patent Office Plan, 1840.<\/span><span style=\"display: block; font-style: italic; font-weight:300;\">National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; transfer from the Smithsonian American Art Museum\/National Portrait Gallery Library<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center anchor-text is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading anchor-text\">Old Patent Office Plan<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The Smithsonian American Art Museum, where&nbsp;<em>Sightlines<\/em>&nbsp;is presented, is in the Old Patent Office Building. From 1852 to 1917, this building housed the Department of the Interior, which included the Bureau of Education, where S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m once worked as a clerk, translator, and interpreter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group align-link-bottom has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/sightlines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Visit the Sightlines exhibition<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><p>\n\n\n<h2 style=\"font-size: 36px; text-align: center; margin-top: 40px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: var(--wp--preset--color--custom-blue-1);\">More Stories<\/h2><div class=\"anchor-bottom-content read-more-grid\"><div class=\"read-more-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/dance-floor-activist\/\" style=\"display: block;\"><div class=\"read-more-image\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"125\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/20031024GirlFridayBlackCat-150x150.jpg\" class=\"attachment-125x125 size-125x125 wp-post-image\" alt=\"Dance Floor Activist\" \/><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/dance-floor-activist\/\" style=\"display: block; color: inherit; text-decoration: none;\"><div class=\"read-more-content\" tabindex=\"0\"><h5>Dance Floor Activist<\/h5><div class=\"read-more-arrow-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/read-more-arrow.svg\" alt=\"Read more arrow\"><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><div class=\"read-more-item\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/lion-dance\/\" style=\"display: block;\"><div class=\"read-more-image\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"125\" height=\"125\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-150x150.png\" class=\"attachment-125x125 size-125x125 wp-post-image\" alt=\"Lion Dance featured image\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-1017x1024.png 1017w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-768x773.png 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-1525x1536.png 1525w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured.png 1595w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 125px) 100vw, 125px\" \/><\/div><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/lion-dance\/\" style=\"display: block; color: inherit; text-decoration: none;\"><div class=\"read-more-content\" tabindex=\"0\"><h5>Lion Dance<\/h5><div class=\"read-more-arrow-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/read-more-arrow.svg\" alt=\"Read more arrow\"><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div style=\"text-align: center; margin-top: 0px;\"><button id=\"custom-nav-button-2\" class=\"custom-nav-button\" aria-label=\"Open menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"compass-container no-animation-div\"><div class=\"compass no-animation-div\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/compas-needle.svg\" class=\"needle\" alt=\"Compass needle\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/button><div id=\"popup\" class=\"popup no-animation-div\" role=\"dialog\" aria-labelledby=\"popup-title\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><h2 id=\"popup-title\" class=\"sr-only\">Navigation Menu<\/h2><button id=\"close-popup-button\" class=\"close-popup-button\" aria-label=\"Close menu\"><img 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https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/20031024GirlFridayBlackCat-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/20031024GirlFridayBlackCat.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Dance Floor Activist<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/remembering-chinatown\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Remembering Chinatown\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Remembering-Chinatown-Thumb-300x222.png\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Remembering Chinatown\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Remembering-Chinatown-Thumb-300x222.png 300w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Remembering-Chinatown-Thumb-1024x759.png 1024w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Remembering-Chinatown-Thumb-768x569.png 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Remembering-Chinatown-Thumb-1536x1138.png 1536w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Remembering-Chinatown-Thumb-2048x1518.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Remembering Chinatown<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/cooking\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Asian American Cooking\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"147\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/AsianAmericanCooking_Spread-5-300x147.jpg\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Asian American Cooking\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/AsianAmericanCooking_Spread-5-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/AsianAmericanCooking_Spread-5-1024x501.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/AsianAmericanCooking_Spread-5-768x376.jpg 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/AsianAmericanCooking_Spread-5-1536x752.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/12\/AsianAmericanCooking_Spread-5.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Asian American Cooking<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/intergenerational-alliances\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Intergenerational Alliances\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/8-300x196.jpg\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Intergenerational Alliances\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/8-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/8-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/8.jpg 989w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Intergenerational Alliances<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/gems\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Filipino American Gems\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"279\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Filipino-American-Gems-Thumb-279x300.png\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Filipino American Gems Featured\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Filipino-American-Gems-Thumb-279x300.png 279w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Filipino-American-Gems-Thumb-954x1024.png 954w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Filipino-American-Gems-Thumb-768x825.png 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Filipino-American-Gems-Thumb-1430x1536.png 1430w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/07\/Filipino-American-Gems-Thumb.png 1464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 279px) 100vw, 279px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Filipino American Gems<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/families\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Many Families, One District\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Imamotos_PeirceMill-scaled-e1723126497764-300x246.jpg\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Imamotos PeirceMill\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Imamotos_PeirceMill-scaled-e1723126497764-300x246.jpg 300w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Imamotos_PeirceMill-scaled-e1723126497764-1024x841.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Imamotos_PeirceMill-scaled-e1723126497764-768x631.jpg 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Imamotos_PeirceMill-scaled-e1723126497764-1536x1262.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Imamotos_PeirceMill-scaled-e1723126497764-2048x1682.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Many Families, One District<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/lion-dance\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Lion Dance\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-298x300.png\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Lion Dance featured image\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-1017x1024.png 1017w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-768x773.png 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured-1525x1536.png 1525w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Lion-Dance-Featured.png 1595w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Lion Dance<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/martial-arts\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Martial Arts\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"221\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Martial-Arts-Featured-300x221.png\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Martial Arts Featured Image\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Martial-Arts-Featured-300x221.png 300w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Martial-Arts-Featured-1024x755.png 1024w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Martial-Arts-Featured-768x566.png 768w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Martial-Arts-Featured-1536x1132.png 1536w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/Martial-Arts-Featured-2048x1510.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Martial Arts<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"thumbnail-wrapper\"><a href=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/so-kwangbom\/\" class=\"thumbnail-link\" aria-label=\"Rebellion and Belonging\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"circle-image-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/So-Kwangbom-Featured-227x300.jpg\" class=\"circle-image wp-post-image\" alt=\"Portrait of S\u014f Kwangb\u014fm wearing traditional Korean attire\" srcset=\"https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/So-Kwangbom-Featured-227x300.jpg 227w, https:\/\/apa.si.edu\/atlas\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/38\/2024\/08\/So-Kwangbom-Featured.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 227px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/div><span class=\"post-title\">Rebellion and Belonging<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m was one of the earliest Koreans to settle in the United States and was highly influential in nurturing American understanding of Korea and its culture, especially in the nation&rsquo;s capital. As a well-educated Korean from a notable aristocratic family, S&#335; was determined to free Korea (then governed by the 500-year-old Chos&#335;n dynasty) from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":49,"featured_media":1586,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"story","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-212","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cat-2"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.14 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>S\u014f Kwangb\u014fm: Rebellion &amp; Belonging - Smithsonian APAC Sightlines<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"S\u014f Kwangb\u014fm: Rebellion &amp; Belonging - Smithsonian APAC Sightlines\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"S&#335; Kwangb&#335;m was one of the earliest Koreans to settle in the United States and was highly influential in nurturing American understanding of Korea and its culture, especially in the nation&rsquo;s capital. 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